Language issues on the pages of periodicals in the National Library.

Works by I. Nechuy-Levytsky, V. Domanytsky, and I. Franko were published in it. S. Petliura often made his publications on its pages. The editorial board solved all national problems through the prism of socialist ideology.

Meanwhile, at the end of 1905, V. Leontovych received permission to publish the daily political, economic and literary newspaper Hromadska Dumka and managed to publish its first issue on the last day of the year. This publication was published instead of the declared newspaper Ukrainske Slovo, which was actually requested to be published.

Thanks to a wide range of authors, including B. Hrinchenko, his wife M. Zagirnya, V. Samylenko, A. Teslenko, A. Krymsky, M. Lysenko, V. Domanytsky and others, the editorial board touched on all important socio- political issues. , used the whole arsenal of contemporary newspaper and journalistic genres – from notes to large analytical articles, from poems to humorous and satirical genres.

Among other magazines that led to the development of national consciousness – the newspapers “Narodna sprava” “Visti” published in Odessa in 1906, “Dobra Porada” and “Zaporizhzhya” (Katerynoslav), “Slobozhanshchyna” and “Porada” (Kharkiv). , a number of magazines in Kiev. However, of the 34 publications published in the first half of 1906, less than ten remained by the end of the year, and only a few issues of these magazines were published. However, no one could ban the development of the Ukrainian press.

07/10/2011

Censorship and language issues regarding periodicals in eastern Ukraine in the early 20th century. Abstract

Censorship of Ukrainian newspapers and magazines. Language issues on the pages of periodicals in the National Library. VI Vernadsky

Censorship of Ukrainian newspapers and magazines

The manifesto of October 17, 1905 marked the beginning of that period in the socio-political life of the Russian Empire, which even liberals not without irony called the “era of renewed order.”

The situation of the press at that time was regulated by a number of additional rules, laws on temporary and emergency guards, strict and constant intervention of the police and administration. Simultaneously with the censorship decrees and in accordance with the expansion of the rights granted by the new laws and circulars, the press was constantly “hand in hand” by the governors and mayors.

Unlimited space opened before them with the introduction of “rules” on emergency and other “protection”. After December 15, 1905, such rules began to apply to most regions of the Russian Empire. In various localities, governors had the right to issue their own “mandatory orders” regarding the press, which prohibited the distribution of publications, the publication of articles https://123helpme.me/write-my-lab-report/ and notes that they considered harmful.

A similar attitude was applied to printing houses in relation to periodicals:

No printing house had the right to start printing and printing a newspaper or magazine without a special certificate issued by the governor specifically for the printing house for the right to print this publication. This certificate must be kept in a printing house. In case of any changes in the conditions of publication of this periodical, replacement of the editor-in-chief by another person, changes in the printing house, the publisher had to submit an application to the governor before further publication, and if the change was unpredictable, then 3- x days with the entry into force of the circumstances that caused the changes, the previous certificate had to be replaced by a new one. Each issue of the periodical should have the names of the editor-in-chief and the publisher, and the address of the editorial office at the printing house where the issue was printed. Each issue of a newspaper or magazine, spiritual or secular, with all the appendices, had to be submitted in a legalized number of copies to the Kyiv Provisional Committee on the Press (former censorship) at the same time as it was published.

The path of the Ukrainian national press to its reader was not easy. Constant reprimands, warnings, far-fetched bans, political and administrative fines haunted publishers and editors at every turn. Many Ukrainian-language publications perished under pressure from local authorities in the first issues, without even having time to prove themselves to the readership.

This is what happened to the Ekaterinoslav newspapers Zaporizhzhya and Dobra Porada, the Odessa magazine Visti, and the Kyiv newspaper Borotba, the St. Petersburg newspaper Nasha Duma, which continued the democratic traditions of Free Ukraine magazine and some other periodicals in Russia. The Poltava newspaper Ridny Krai was systematically persecuted. Despite the fact that 1906 was relatively favorable for the emergence of the Ukrainian press, many publications could not survive due to unfavorable political, administrative and censorship conditions. At the end of the year, only three editions remained on the territory of Dnieper Ukraine: “Ridny Krai” (Poltava), “World Star” (Mohyliv-Podilskyi), “Rada” (Kyiv).

The then authorities declared a struggle against all the progressive bodies that appeared in the wake of the democratic achievements of the revolution. Thus, in October 1905-December 1906, more than 430 periodicals were confiscated in Russia, almost 370 newspapers and magazines were closed, 97 printing houses were sealed, and 607 editors and publishers were fined or arrested.

The following year, the list was supplemented by new data: the government suspended the publication of 413 periodicals, convicted 175 editors, and fined 556 publishers and editors for a total of 333,950 rubles. Thus, vain hopes for constitutional promises, illusory freedoms and the common sense of local authorities became apparent. Thus, the authorities crossed out the freedom of the press, proclaimed on October 17, 1905.

As for the periodicals that were printed in Kyiv, it should be noted that all newspapers, except for the evening ones, were printed at night to reach the customer in the morning. One of the sources of data on newspaper circulation can be reports on searches and confiscations carried out by gendarmes in cases of seizure of a particular issue of a newspaper. A huge number of newspapers were printed, for example, the newspaper “Rabotnyk” was printed in 8,000 copies, of which 2,100 were printed. “A huge number of such newspapers as” Law and Truth “and” Southwestern Territory “were published in the amount of 2,600 copies of the first, and the second – 3,700 copies.”

Circulations of magazines were much smaller. For example, the first issue of “Kiev Antiquity” in January 1905 with a volume of 18 sheets was printed in the amount of 913 copies, and the magazine “Ukraine” in January 1907 – 1,110 copies.

Printed newspapers from the printing house were delivered to distributors, to the post office, as well as to bookstores, from where they were distributed to kiosks. When the fourth issue of the Borotba newspaper was seized, the gendarmes staged a real “hunt” for copies of the newspaper, which could not be confiscated directly from the printing house. The Kyiv censor also sent orders to detain the arrested newspapers to the post office. The head of the Kyiv Post and Telegraph District was to report on the number of newspapers and magazines that had been confiscated and arrested. He passed all information about it to the censors.

In the early twentieth century. editorial offices could exist only at the expense of patronage, because very often the circulation and number of subscribers were insignificant and almost did not bring profit. Thus, the magazine “Kiev antiquity” was unprofitable: both 1905 and 1906. the edition ended with a deficit. Circulation of the magazine “Ukraine” (successor of the previous magazine) in January, 1907 made 1,110 copies (in comparison with 913 copies of “Kiev antiquity”). (in January 1905), this increase in circulation allowed the editorial board to make a small profit. It is interesting to trace the statement of expenditures for the magazine “Ukraine” in 1907. The following figures are known: 86 kop. Paper – 1682 rubles. 38 kop.

Mail and trifles – 851 rubles. 74 kop. Maid – 216 rubles. Editorial meetings – 114 rubles. Phone – 75 rubles. Secretariat – 240 rubles. Newspaper reviews – 100 rubles. Apartment, lighting and heating – 451 rubles. 60 kop. Fees, wreaths, correspondence – 205 rubles. “. Often magazines supported Ukrainian writers, having a premium fund for this purpose. Kobylyanska, Lesya Ukrainka.

The main newspapers and magazines on the territory of Ukraine within the Russian Empire during 1905-1907 were published in Kyiv, which is due to the large number of equipped and modernized, as at that time, printing houses. This press came to readers through an extensive and well-established network. Although it was not always easy to understand the many names (in 1906 there were 82) of periodicals, which had a variety of political orientations. Many publications remained unprofitable due to the small number of subscribers and, consequently, circulations.

Language issues on the pages of periodicals in the National Library. VI Vernadsky

Periodicals of the late XIX – early XX centuries. paid considerable attention to discussing the development of the Ukrainian literary language, its functioning in society, standardization, connection with the Russian language and local territorial dialects.

In the late 90’s of the twentieth century. the language issue, which has been discussed many times before, is raised again. The discussion was started by the newspaper “Birzhevye Vedomosti” in which it was written that the Ukrainian language is only a language of “all-Russian speech” and its literary discovery is generally considered “something inappropriate.” In response, the St. Petersburg Gazette published an article by D. Mordovtsev. He refutes the statement of the critical article, referring to prominent linguists such as F. Mikloshich, P. Shafaryk, P. Lavrivsky, O. Potebnya, P. Zhytetsky and other scholars.

In the same year, 1898, T. Florinsky, a professor at the University of Kiev, known for his reactionary views, published an article in the University News denying the independence of the Ukrainian language and its comprehensive literary development. Considering it a dialect of Russian, Florinsky wrote that the Ukrainian language should be limited to works of art depicting the life of the Ukrainian people and books for peasants.

V. Naumenko in the pages of “Kiev Antiquity” made a rather cautious criticism of Florinsky, defending the right of the Ukrainian people to their own literary language.