This one-sidedness affected the interpretation of the essence of loan interest.

The maintenance and development of production became a large-scale application of borrowed funds and stimulated the mass formation of free funds. At the same time, the role of banks as specialized institutions for the organization of credit relations has significantly increased. Credit itself acquired a capitalist character and became a social mechanism for the capitalization of economic relations.

With the development of credit relations and increasing their role in society, credit has increasingly attracted the attention of scientists. Initially, economic thought focused mainly on the very concept of credit, on the knowledge of its essence. Only from the XVIII century. began research on the mechanism of links between credit and social production, which opened the way for the formation of a purely scientific theory of credit. Today, economics recognizes two leading theories of credit: naturalistic and capital.

The naturalistic theory of credit in general is reduced to the following provisions:

the object of the loan is temporarily free capital in kind; credit is a form of movement of material goods, and therefore the role of credit is to redistribute these goods in society; loan capital is real capital, ie capital in kind; banks are only intermediaries in credit, first accumulating free funds and then lending them; passive operations of banks are primary compared to active.

The founders of the naturalistic theory of credit were the classics of political economy A. Smith, D. Ricardo, A. Turgot, J. Mill.

A. Smith and D. Ricardo believed that the object of credit is not money capital, and capital in its material form. Borrowed money is only a technical means of transferring real capital from one economic agent to another for the use of actually available capital; credit does not create capital, it only determines how that capital will be used.

According to A. Smith, banking operations can contribute to the development of productive activities in society not by increasing capital, but its transformation into active and productive capital, which would not be the case in the absence of banks.

Well-known economists such as K. Marx, J. Say, A. Wagner, A. Marshall, and others also developed views on the credit of the classics of political economy.

The naturalistic approach to the interpretation of the essence and role of credit had not only theoretical significance, but also significantly influenced the banking and monetary policy of that time. This https://123helpme.me/a-tree-grows-in-brooklyn/ applies, in particular, to the so-called money school, representatives whose united around the act of R. Peel (1844), which limited the issuance of banknotes in England by a narrow framework of gold collateral. If loan capital is only a mirror image of real capital, then the issue of banknotes should be limited to their full gold collateral.

The merit of the naturalistic theory was that its representatives not only recognized the connection of credit with the processes of production, but proceeded from the primacy of production and the secondary nature of credit; they convincingly argued that credit alone cannot create real capital, the latter arising only in the process of production. From these positions, supporters of naturalistic theory interpreted interest as part of the profits generated in the production process, recognized the dependence of the interest rate on the rate of return. All this was a step forward in the study of credit, helped to reveal the utopian concepts of its "miraculous" power in the creation of capital, in the development of social production.

However, the naturalistic approach also had significant shortcomings due to the fact that the classics could not fully understand the difference between loan and real capital. They viewed the accumulation of borrowed capital only as a reflection of the accumulation of real capital.

Determining the derivative nature of credit from production, A. Smith and D. Ricardo did not see its reverse effect on the sphere of production, on the turnover of real capital. They reduced the role of banks to simple intermediaries in credit, not recognizing their active influence on the process of reproduction. This one-sidedness affected the interpretation of the essence of loan interest. They did not consider the dependence of interest on changes in demand for borrowed capital and its supply, the relative independence of interest movements and its impact on changes in market conditions.

As the role of credit and banks in the development of production, the replacement of real money by credit means of circulation, and the use of credit and banks in state regulation of the grew economy, the preconditions for the further development of the naturalistic theory of credit weakened.

By limiting banks’ credit capabilities to the scale of their passive operations, these concepts have increasingly come into conflict with the realities of the monetary sphere. Therefore, they were replaced by other theories – expansionist, reproducible, stock, which were formed as part of the so-called capital-creating theory of credit.

The essence of the capital theory of credit is determined by the following main provisions:

credit, like money, is directly capital, wealth, and therefore the expansion of credit means the accumulation of capital; banks are not intermediaries in credit, but "credit factories" creators of capital; active operations of banks are primary relative to passive ones.

literature

Kolodyaziv O. Formation of the banking system of Ukraine. // Banking-2000- # 2. Ostapets AI, Ostapets AV Banking system of Ukraine: state and problem of development. // Finance of Ukraine-2000-G8 Bilyanchuk PD and others. Banking system of Ukraine. // Bilyantsyuk PD Banking law K., 1999. Credit system // Introduction to credit business. From. number. Savchuk MI K, 1998. Banking system of Ukraine. // Ostapyshyn TP Fundamentals of credit-K., 1999. Kryukovsky O. Relationships of the credit system // Economist 2001.

06/09/2011

Automated banking systems and their structure. Abstract

Functional structure of ABS. Characteristics of the subsystem "Bank’s Operating Day", "Bank Credit Resources Management", "Currency Operations Management", "Deposit Management", "Cash Management", "Intrabank Accounting", "Bank Reporting", "Management of Plastic Card Settlements" , "Analysis of Bank Activities". Modular approach to ABS structuring. Software and hardware platform ABS

An automated banking system is a system that operates on the basis of computers and other technical means that provide processes for collecting, registering, transmitting, processing, storing and updating data to solve banking management problems.

The automated banking system must be integrated. Integrated is a system that is built on system-wide principles and covers the whole set of banking tasks. It solves automation issues comprehensively, taking into account information and functional connections. Like any system, ABS can be represented as a set of subsystems. ABS consists of supporting and functional subsystems.

Support subsystems combine all types of resources necessary for the functioning of the system. They include the following subsystems: information, software, mathematical, technical, linguistic and organizational and legal support.

Information support (out-of-machine and in-machine) is a set of unified forms of primary documents, classification and coding systems and methods of their application in banking, as well as data files stored in a database and used for automated solving of functional tasks.

Technical support is a set of technical means, which includes computer equipment and means of data collection and transmission for information exchange both within the bank and in interaction with other banks and customers.

Mathematical software is a set of algorithms and economic-mathematical models that characterize the procedures of data processing and the formation of accounting and statistical reporting.

Organizational and legal support is a set of legal documents and instructional and methodological materials that regulate the rights and responsibilities of specialists and determine the technological order of operation of the ABS.

Linguistic support includes language tools used in the system: programming languages, information retrieval languages, metadata description languages, query and user communication languages ​​with the system and other language tools.

Functional subsystems combine blocks, complexes and individual tasks that implement certain banking functions. The list of functions performed by the banking system can be divided into two parts: mandatory and auxiliary. The first should include those functions that take place in any commercial bank. The set of auxiliary functions depends on the specialization of the bank.

Functional subsystems are distinguished based on certain features of management. Given the multifaceted nature of banking tasks, there is a problem of decomposition of ABS into functional subsystems. The functional subsystem is a certain part of the general control system, which is allocated in accordance with the common functional features of management. The basis for functional decomposition can be the following characteristics: function, period and control object.

Functional structure of ABS. The automated banking system must provide:

automation of intra-bank activity, and first of all intra-bank operations related to the processing of payment and other documents in those divisions of the banking institution that work directly with clients; automation of interbank settlements and other foreign banking operations; automation of financial operations within the international banking business.

It is clear that the automation of these processes must be complementary and interconnected. Automation of each of them has its own specifics and features and is a rather complex problem with a high level of autonomy.

We will focus on the automation of intrabank activities at the level of commercial banks.